Alkanes are used as the basis for naming the majority of organic compounds their nomenclature. Introduction of a halogen into a molecule chlorination, bromination general reaction. May 09, 20 click here to download the student copy of the note packet for this unit. Functional group transformations using an sn 2 reaction. Named by counting the number of c atoms and adding the family suffix ane. Hydrocarbon is a compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only molecular formula. In contrast, your organic chemistry instructors will present a course in which each new topic uses information from previous topics to raise your understanding of organic chemistry to successively higher levels. There are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
Bsc or bachelor of science is basically a 3year undergraduate program designed for individuals who want a career in the field of science bsc 1st year consists of two semesters, i. Learn how to recognize the alkane functional group in organic compounds. Alkanes are formed, on electrolysis of concentrated aqueous solution of sodium or potassium salt of saturated mono carboxylic acids. Modern photoredox catalysis has traditionally relied upon metaltoligand chargetransfer mlct excitation of metal polypyridyl complexes for the utilization of light energy for the activation of organic substrates. Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds. Click here to download the student copy of the note packet for this unit. Alkanes are organic compounds that consist of singlebonded carbon and hydrogen atoms. If different carbon atoms are joined together to form open chain of carbon atoms with single bonds, they are termed as alkanes as you have already studied in unit 12. B halogenation halogenation a substitution reaction. Organic reactions summary for use as a study guide beauchamp. Organic reactions summary alkenes, alkynes and variations for. Organic chemistryalkanes wikibooks, open books for an open world. The alkanes are the simplest class of organic molecules because they contain no functional groups.
August9,2015 onthe28thofapril2012thecontentsoftheenglishaswellasgermanwikibooksandwikipedia projectswerelicensedundercreativecommonsattributionsharealike3. Naming alkanes with alkyl groups video khan academy. The properties of organic molecules depend on the structure, and knowing the names of organic compounds allow us to communicate with other chemists. Bsc or bachelor of science is basically a 3year undergraduate program designed for individuals who want a career in the field of science. Dec 04, 2019 free radical substitution reactions of alkanes reaction of alkanes with bromine chlorine in uv light in the presence of uv light alkanes react with chlorine to form a mixture of products with the halogens substituting hydrogen atoms. Alkanes formula, definition, structure, properties, videos. Alkanes and cycloalkanes 11 million organic compounds which are classified into families according to structure and reactivity functional group fg. These reactions proceed via a radical mechanism that involves the addition of a borane radical to the nitrile to form an iminyl radical, followed by cleavage of a carboncarbon bond. Overview of the intramolecular and intermolecular forces of attractions in organic molecules. Annotate these summaries from your study of the textbook 4.
This is because the cc bond and the ch bond are relatively. After each lecture, summarize the major ideas and concepts in your notes within 24 hours of class. Read the suggested readings before coming to class and record the main ideas. Alkanes, cycloalkanes, and functional groups khan academy. Learn the important physical and chemical properties of the alkanes. The study of some of these principles has been associated traditionally more with physical chemistry than with organic chemistry. Nomenclature of organic chemistry 1979 and clarified in a guide to iupac nomenclature of organic compounds recommendations 1993. Alkanes are used in a number of industrial applications and are found in natural gas.
Each successive member of the series differs from the other by ch2which means that all the members of the series are related by a general formula. Ii alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes school of chemistry and. The alkanes are a homologous series with general formula. Electrolysis of an acid salt gives symmetrical alkane.
Organic chemistry owes its name and origin to the study of those substances which had been produced in living organisms, whether vegetable or animal such substances were classed as organic in distinction to those which were derived from the mineral world and were known as inorganic. Rbr from alkanes mechanism using br2 h for free radical substitution of alkane sp3 ch bonds to form sp3 cbr bonds at the weakest ch bond. Ceriumcatalyzed ch functionalizations of alkanes utilizing. Double elimination from dibromoalkanes to form alkynes and terminal acetylides used in many additional reactions sn2 with rbr, co addition to aldehyses and ketones, and reaction with epoxides br br h n r r na br h h n r r h n r r. The formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom saturated. This is because the cc bond and the ch bond are relatively overall reaction strong. Basic definitions for organic chemistry scope organic chemistry is a vast subject so is split it into small sections for study. Organic chemistry a huge variety of molecules in living organisms, are based on carbon with just a few other elements e. The letters a to f in the table below represent six organic compounds. Atomic structure, chemical bonding, chemical structure and in organic compounds. In the iupac system for organic compounds, a chemical name has three parts.
Naming alkanes, cycloalkanes, and bicyclic compounds. Contain single carboncarbon bonds only unsaturated. Alkanes 2 organic chemistry nowadays almost drives me mad. Classification, naming rules, physical properties and chemical reactions combustion, free radical addition, markovnikov rule, addition polymerisation etc. Learn the iupac system for naming alkanes and cycloalkanes. Parent names of chain alkanes from c 1 to c 20 c 1 methane c 2 ethane c 3 propane c 4 butane c 5 pentane c 6 hexane c 7 heptane c 8 octane c 9 nonane c 10 decane c 11 undecane c 12 dodecane c tridecane c 14. Organic chemistry university of california riverside. Which one of these formulas is that of an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
The physical properties of alkenes are similar to those of the alkanes. Alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of singlebonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups. Now, however, a slightly more general definition is used, such as one of the following. The study of carboncontaining compounds and their properties. Catenationthe ability to form bonds between atoms of the same element. Start with the longest chain of carbon atoms the chain doesnt have to be straight. There are two types of naming system commonly found in organic chemistry. Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that focuses on compounds that contain carbon except co, co2, carbonates, and carbides even though organic compounds only contain a few elements, the unique. Organic reactions summary for use as a study guide. This is the probability or chance that harm will result from the use of a hazardous substance or a procedure hazards and risks a hazard is a substance or procedure that can has the potential to do harm.
Alkanes are less dense than water and swim on top of water 2. Sch 102 introduction to organic chemistry, chemistry of alkanes. Saturated hydrocarbons contain carboncarbon and carbonhydrogen single bonds. Sch 102 introduction to organic chemistry, chemistry of alkanes and cycloalkanes 1. Fgs behave similarly in every molecule they are part of. Official iupac naming recommendations are not always followed in practice, and the common or trivial name may be used. This resource is split into two parts and covers the fundamentals of the alevel higher chemistry topics alkanes 15 pages and alkenes 23 pages. The alkanes a chemical family a homologous series is a family of molecules with similar groups of bonded atoms that have the same reactions and a trends in their physical properties. Originally organic chemistry was the study of the chemistry of life. This is done by studying compounds which behave in a similar way because they have a particular atom, or group of atoms, functional group in their structure. The chemical properties of organic compounds are determined by their functional groups. Organic chemistry has always been, and continues to be, the branch of chemistry that best connects structure with properties. Organic literally means derived from living organisms. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, which means that their carbon backbones contain no double or triple bonds.
However, in case of mixture of carboxylic acid salts, all probable alkanes are formed. Well be learning about different aspects of molecular structure, including common functional groups and conformations. The core content of the syllabus is concerned with the characteristic reactions of selected classes of compounds. Part i library of synthetic reactions 1 note that this is a partial list of reactions 1 graphics are obtained mostly from stony brook university che 327 powerpoint slides and organic chemistry, 10th edition by solomons and ryhle. This is possible because carbon always forms 4 bonds valency 4, so it can be bonded to other atoms in many different configurations. Alkanes alkanes are aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons no cc double bonds, c and h atoms only. Organic chemistry topic notes 7 alcohols a homologous series similar to alkanes but with a hydrogen replaced by an oh hydroxyl group. This post includes download links for bsc 1st year chemistry notes pdf. Learning organic chemistry memorizing the structure, properties, and reactivities of each molecule will severely limit your abilities organic chemistry is rational and systematic goal. In general, alkanes do not react with many reagents. The decyanation of secondary aliphatic nitriles and the 2fold decyanation of malononitriles leading to alkanes in the presence of 1,3dimethylimidazol2ylidene borane dimeimdbh3 are reported. Nomenclature in organic chemistry systems a naming system must tell you everything about a structure without ambiguity. Number the longest carbon chain and assign a root name accordingly. A systematic method for the naming of many organic compounds is contained in the iupac publication.
Carbons in alkanes or other organic compounds can be classified as primary 1, secondary 2, tertiary 3, and quaternary. Sch 102 introduction to organic chemistry, chemistry of. Pdf a textbook of organic chemistry by arun bahl pdf. We will use the following set of rules to systemically name alkanes. This chapter provides a foundation for your studies of organic chemistry. Since alkanes are the major components of petroleum and natural gas, they often serve as a commercial starting point for the preparation of many other classes of organic molecules. Due to the valence configuration of carbon, there are a variety of alkane isomers, which are commonly separated into linear and branched structures. Branched alkanes containing three or more carbon atoms in their longest chain have isomers with unique names iii. Organic reactions summary alkenes, alkynes and variations. Alkanes are comprised of a series of compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms with single covalent bonds.
Part i library of synthetic reactions 1 note that this is a partial list of reactions 1 graphics are obtained mostly from stony brook university che 327 powerpoint slides and organic chemistry, 10th edition by solomons. May 08, 2020 this post includes download links for bsc 1st year chemistry notes pdf. Organic chemistry reactions grade 12 physical science mrs kl faling. Making rbr from alkane and alkene hydrocarbons and alcohols a. General methods of preparation of alkanes wurtz reaction. The alkanes have similar chemistry to one another because they are a homologous series. Dec 06, 2019 reaction of alkanes with bromine chlorine in uv light in the presence of uv light alkanes react with chlorine to form a mixture of products with the halogens substituting hydrogen atoms. Master the material from each lecture before going to the next one. Lecture handouts organic chemistry i chemistry mit. The goal of this text, as it has been through seven previous editions, is to provide students with the conceptual tools to understand and apply the relationship between the structures of organic compounds and their. Here, we demonstrate the catalytic application of ligandtometal chargetransfer lmct excitation of cerium alkoxide complexes for the facile activation of alkanes utilizing. Describe the general trend in physical properties of alkanes. Learn tools to dissect and analyze organic chemistry that is unfamiliar pay attention to detail.